Big Foot Research free essay sample

Be that as it may, a few hues have been accounted for, for example, dim earthy colored, rosy earthy colored, light earthy colored, dim, and in uncommon occurrences, white. Most sightings have announced that the hair on Sasquatch is very wiry and gives off an impression of being tangled to the animal. Yetis are foragers. A couple of cases to help this announcement are that they have been seen washing and eating wild onions in a stream. Hunkering over a water opening washing eatable grass roots. There were two heaps, one washed and the other unwashed. Strolling through a forested region peeling tidy buds off the trees and eating the seeds. It would likewise pull down branches to eat the buds. Head lights of a vehicle discovered a Sasquatch eating apples before a house. Numerous trees had the natural product peeled off higher than a human could reach. Taking corn and turnips from a vegetable nursery, chickens and turkeys likewise absent. A sheet material region was found in a surrendered mine, there were numerous brussel sprout stalks were found close to the passageway. We will compose a custom article test on Enormous Foot Research or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A thousand 16 inch tracks were discovered, they demonstrated a Sasquatch taking the bark from trees to search for creepy crawlies. Two deer trackers saw two dim earthy colored Sasquatches 7 to 9 feet tall coming to down under rocks to discover bugs and worms. Two Sasquatches in a spring turning over rocks and eating something, conceivably creepy crawlies or little fish. A saw a creature uncovering mollusks on the shore. They took shots at it thinking it was a bear it stood up, shouted and fled on two legs. Twenty individuals on two business angling vessels moved toward the shore, a Sasquatch on a mud level stood up and fled. They checked the spot where the animal stood and acknowledged it was burrowing mollusks. Two grown-ups and one adolescent saw uncovering resting ground squirrels and benefiting from them. Rummaging on street slaughter. To what extent have they been near? | Notes: Over the last 200 years there have been a great many announced sightings of Sasquatch and Possibly a huge number of unreported sightings too. Several impressions have been found and cast all over North America. Wide shoulders and a profound chest. Arms are longer than legs and hang down beneath the knee. Short thick neck or the presence of no neck. This is because of the way that the spine interfaces with the rear of the skull and the Trapezius muscles are progressively evolved. Pointed head, an exceptional anatomical quality of the Gorilla. This is credited in the grown-up male to a noticeable sagittal peak overlaid with a stack of fibro greasy tissue. This trademark is less articulated in females and littler bodied grown-up guys. Extraordinary strength. Expansive, level face. Jaw that projects past the nose. This anatomical component (prognathism) is unmistakably gorilla like. Prognathism is because of the requirement for huge jaws and teeth for rumination. Temple edges, over the eyes is a tremendous rack of bone. Hair shading is regularly portrayed as light earthy colored, dim earthy colored or dark. Different hues that have been accounted for are dim, light, white, silver-tipped, and red to ruddy earthy colored. Hair length is longer on the head, shoulders, and arms, than anyplace else on the body. Hair appropriation, body is totally hair secured with the exception of patches of exposed dark skin on the face, chest, bottoms of feet, and palms of hands.

Death of a Salesman1 essays

Passing of a Salesman1 articles Do we have the capacity to control our predetermination? In all actuality this, one can set their objectives and attempt to accomplish them and one can dreams their fantasies and attempt to live them however the distinction must be known. The character Willy Loman, in the play Death of A Salesman, is by all accounts an individual who doesn't know about the distinction truly and dreams. Willys decisions for a mind-blowing duration irrefutably lead to his own destruction. Willy Loman is a sad legend. His dread is that he needs to be seen as a decent, fair person. He needs to accept that hes a popular, average individual who doesnt commit errors. In all actuality he commits errors, numerous that frequent him, and that he is human. Willy doesn't think about this ordinary and seriously laments such disappointments, for example, bringing up his youngsters inadequately, from his perspective, not doing admirably in business, however he wants to be, and undermining his significant other Linda, demonstrating her to be an item of which he exploits. Linda has a valid, unadulterated love for her significant other. Linda remains behind him through everything, through his fantasies and broken guarantees, she despite everything puts stock in him. The quality in such plays that shakes us... gets from the hidden dread of being dislodged, the debacle intrinsic in being torn away from our picked picture of what and who we are on the planet (Miller, Tragedy...). Willys basic dread of being dislodged is the genuine disaster. He needs to do things right, yet the truth of the matter is he has numerous rates that frequent him. Reliably all through the play, Willy floats all through a fantasy. He is continually spooky by recollections of his dead sibling Ben who became super wealthy the wilderness. He likewise has flashbacks of occurrences that frequent him in different regions. For instance, the grouping wherein Biff gets Willy with a lady other than Linda. This frequents Willy on the grounds that he considers it to be a piece of why Biff doesn't adore him. Disaster at that point is the outcome of a keeps an eye on complete compulsi... <!

High School Seniors Start NOW on your Letters of Recommendation (LORs)!

High School Seniors Start NOW on your Letters of Recommendation (LORs)! What was your favorite class in high school?   What class did you do best in?   Who was your favorite teacher?   How well do you know your guidance counselor?   Who knows you the best (both adults and fellow students)?   Who will write you the best recommendation? These are questions to answer now! Once you have your answers, make a list of the people who would be your best recommenders. After identifying your best recommenders, ask them if they are willing to write you a letter of recommendation.   Ask in particular  if they will write you a strong one.   If they can’t, see if there’s someone on your list who can. Teachers will appreciate having as long as possible to work on your LORs.    Get a leg up by approaching them now! If you remember particular instances where you demonstrated your intelligence, creativity, responsibility, or other great qualities, don’t be shy about reminding your recommenders about those instances.   You can even give them a list of things you think they might want to cover in their letters. The best letters tell stories, and you probably remember those stories better than anyone else! Examples of things you might want to share with the people writing your letters of recommendation: Copies of your best papers in their class Copies of your creative writing Notes about particular contributions you made in class A list of your activities and accomplishments Your transcript Your student resume (yes you should have one!) Any help you can give your recommenders, whether it’s giving them plenty of time or helping them with material to put in the letter, will generally be appreciated and will make for a stellar LOR! The benefit to you, besides great LORs, is that when December rolls around, you won’t be biting your nails worrying whether your letters will be in by deadline. Thats worth a bit of thought and action now, isn’t it?

Becoming A Kidney Donor Is The Most Rewarding Task

Have you ever had the opportunity present itself to save someone’s life and to be considered a hero by all? Becoming a kidney donor was the most rewarding task I could have ever done with my life. Some may think that the process is easy; decide you want to give a kidney and in the next few days you are in surgery saving another person’s life. Unfortunately, this is not the way this process happens. Becoming a kidney donor is a lengthy, time-consuming, uphill battle that can often be just as challenging for the donor as it is for the recipient. What was I thinking, how did I arrive at this decision? To have an organ surgically extracted from my body, voluntarily, for the purpose of saving another human beings life. The decision to donate is a complex process that includes many factors. Medical, psychological, interpersonal, familial, and economic factors all have to be considered before the process can begin (Agerskov, Bistrup, Ludvigsen, Pederson, 2014). This life-chang ing procedure will not only affect me, but my family, job, relationships, and finances as well. On January 28, 2010, my uncle, James Campbell, became very ill. His kidney function was at less than 30% and he was immediately placed on the organ transplant waiting list. This information wasn’t readily shared with the rest of the family, and we all were very unaware of the dire circumstances. After watching my uncle’s health visibly deteriorate over the years, I inquired into what was wrong and moreShow MoreRelatedSelling Human Organs10012 Words   |  41 Pagesgreat that more radical solutions for getting additional organs are needed - and if paying for them will result in more organs, then this is justified. A number of arguments against selling organs get bandied about, but there are two which lie behind most of the others and which address both of the above arguments. The first involves the concern with how selling organs leads to the commodification of human bodies, and the second is the concern with the exploitation of the poor for the benefit of theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesthe Introduction. Based on the positive feedback we’ve received from teachers and students we can state with confidence that the form of active learning pioneered in this book is a proven pedagogy for management skill mastery. Tips for Getting the Most Out of This Course Whether you are an undergraduate or MBA student, or an experienced manager, based on our years of teaching management skills here are some suggestions for making this course a personally meaningful learning experience. †¢ Read theRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesthe College of Science and Mathematics and Professor of Statistics at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Roxy has been on the faculty at Cal Poly since 1979, serving for six years as Chair of the Statistics Department before becoming Associate Dean. She received an M.S. in Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Applied Statistics from the University of California, Riverside. Roxy is nationally known in the area of statistics education, and in 2003 she received the American Statistical Association’s

Operant Conditioning Is A Type Of Learning Essay - 1567 Words

The first way that behavior perspective, learning is incorporated in the classroom is through operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a type of learning that encourages behavior by having reinforcements to follow that behavior. Through my observations I saw how student’s behaviors are more operant rather than respondents. For example, the students in my classroom have learned when there are in the whole group environment they must raise their hands quietly when there are ready to talk and teacher often responses with a positive reinforcement by calling on them to speak. If the students don’t raise their hands or are talking when isn’t their time to talk my cooperating teacher uses negative punishment  µ, by saying â€Å"I only call on students who raise their hands when they are ready to talk† or by not calling on that particular student until they stopping. Another way is when the students are working on math worksheets the students understand to raise their hands when they are complete with their assignment. When the student’s hands are raised either my cooperating teacher and I go correct their work by giving it a star signifying they move on to assignment or we circle particular problems the students need to further work on. If my teacher feels like the students have worked really hard on the assignments regardless if they all finished she often will remove the blue remember worksheets on Friday and let them play math games on the iPad. A cue or prompt that myShow MoreRelatedPavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning1172 Words   |  5 PagesPavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studiesRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning1189 Words   |  5 Pagessimilarities between Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning? Many people believe that Classical and Operant are similar. Several people don’t know what the similarities and differences of Classical and Operant are, several people think it is the same learning method, which in this case I’m going to compare and contrast each behavior and give you information about each one, so you could have a better understanding of each method and what they do. Classical and Operant are very similar to each otherRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning And Skinner s Operant Conditioning1243 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Conditioning and Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. There are two types of learning, associative learning and cognitive learning. Associative learning occurs when a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli, behaviors, or both. It requires little to no awareness or thought. Cognitive learning refers to understanding, knowing, and anticipating. Our subject today comes from associative learning. ThereRead MorePhobias1174 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped through operant conditioning and how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. This essay also examines the distinctions between classical and operant condition and examines â€Å"extinction† as it relates to psychological theory and how extinction is achieved in classical and operant conditioning. Phobias and Addictions Numerous psychologists believe that behaviors are learned through conditioning. These conditionings are known as operant, which is based onRead MoreClassical and Operant Conditioning Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagespeople may believe that learning is just a natural response that all animals are capable of, there is actually a more complex explanation on how we learn the things we do in order to survive in the world. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of learning, they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organismRead MoreCompare and Constrast Classical and Operant Conditioning737 Words   |  3 Pagescontrast classical and operant conditioning, their theories, terminology, famous psychologists and applications of the theory for teaching. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one anotherRead MoreLearning Experience Paper1290 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss my learning experiences and analyze them with the perspective of learning theories. I will analyze my learning experiences with regards to classical conditioning, operant conditioning and cognitive- social learning theory. 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As statedRead MoreA Study on Operant and Classical Conditioning1477 Words   |  6 PagesOperant and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning best explains reflective responding that is largely controlled by stimuli preceding the response, while operant conditioning is the kind of learning influenced by stimulus events that follow the responses. (Weiten). In operant conditioning, reinforcement is defined as after the fact. Reinforcement follows a response and increases tendency to make the response. In classical conditioning, the reinforcement comes before the response is madeRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1204 Words   |  5 Pages One major aspect of psychology is learning. Learning can be defined as the change of a being’s behavior or actions brought about by its experiences. Learning has multiple forms and facets. Two of the most important of these are what are known as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. These forms of learning are very practical and can be seen and used in everyday life. Classical and operant conditioning are different form s of learning which have importance in everyday life and can

Racism and its likely Implications for University Education Free Essays

Introduction The rise of cultural assimilation (a policy response to support multi-ethnicity that promotes the assimilation of ethnic minorities into the dominant culture), integration and cultural diversity over the past decades in the UK would be a seeming assurance that racism is a thing of past but such assurance would be wrong because racism, while it has indeed reduced significantly over the years is still weaved into the sub cultural elements of the country and hidden from public view (Adamson et al, 2009). The implication of this could be significant especially given that the UK is sold internationally as a tourist destination, financial centre and a place to get quality education (Home office, 2005). By studying the implications more closely, it would be of note that racism could be managed where tourism is concerned because most tourists are short stay visitors who may likely not notice the serious effects of racism but where studying and education is concerned, the effects of racism are likely to be felt because most students who are from outside the city or the country live for years within the city for the span of their education which normally last for years. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism and its likely Implications for University Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now This statement is true for NTIC students because of the racism that is often witnessed in the Nottingham environment. Records show that over 1,700 people were direct victims of racist incidents in Nottingham alone in the year 2005 and 88% of the charges prosecuted were proven in court (Bond, 2011). This scourge is not only witnessed on the streets in the Nottingham city but across schools and in the classrooms from primary schools to Universities, and statistics (See e.g. Law, 2007) shows that rather than decline the rate is seeing the reverse. However, given the importance of Nottingham and the role it plays in offering quality education to members of the public who come from other areas of the country and countries around the world, racism might need to be further understood to gain deeper insight into its variations and its implication particularly for NTIC students. In view of the above background, the overriding aim of this proposal is to set out the groundwork for the dissertation which is aimed at improving understanding into the workings of racism in Nottingham and particularly how it affects current students of NTIC and the implications for future education in the city. Rationale and Importance of the study The motivation behind the chosen topic is varied but is mostly concerned with the researcher’s personal interest and experience. It is taught that such topic will also help to contribute to understanding the modern day nature of racism and how it works. This subject is particularly important because of the concerted efforts that have long been made to eradicate all forms of racism and racial discrimination in all parts of society including social settings such as schools. Determining the perceptions of college students in terms of how they view racism and race-related segregation amongst the student community in Nottingham is therefore a worthwhile means of addressing the critical issues involved in race relations. Research Objectives To investigate the modern nature and variations of racism Understand it impact and implications for NTIC students and education in Nottingham To determine the perceptions of NTIC students about Racism and race relations between fellow students in Nottingham Research Questions What is the nature of racism in Nottingham How is it perceived by NTIC students and what are its likely implications for studying and education in Nottingham Literature Review In the common monitoring project annual report (2005), it was argued that â€Å"the effect of racist attacks and harassment is wider than the effect on the direct victims†. The report continued: â€Å"Racism, and the possibility of being attacked, threatens the quality of life of the whole communities†. The report further shows that since 2004, racism has increased by 2% year on year. The continuous rate of racism includes 1326 incidents of verbal racist abuse, 254 physical assaults, 242 instances of criminal damage, and other allegations such as racial harassment, threats, malicious phone calls, written material, unpleasant substances, graffiti etc (Common Monitoring Project, 2005). The table below shows the reported incidents of racism across different cities in the UK. The calculation was based on 2001 census. Source: Tomasevski, (2005) In another recent study conducted by Hussein et al (2009) on the effects of racism on the Chinese community, they found that â€Å"the Chinese living in the UK are critically subject to series of racial abuse which range from name calling to property damage on their businesses and personal properties, they also found that a range of arson, physical attacks which has often led to emergency hospitalization and death and been meted on the community over the past years† (P.29). In another recent report Craig (2007) found that the scourge of racism is still very prevalent in the UK and especially in remote communities where cultural integration have not played a huge role. Several possible dimensions of racism and racist conduct have been identified in the academic literature. Indeed, a number of academic constructs have been used to categorize and define different contextual facets of racism including supremacism, racialism, segregationism, xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and other associated constructs (see for example Modood, 1992). Furthermore, dimensions of racism have also been discussed in terms of the level of its incidence – whether it is institutional, economic, or individual. Institutional racism may refer to any form of structured or systemic racism perpetrated, promoted or permitted by governmental, religious, corporate or educational institutions especially to the extent that they are able to influence the orientations of a large number of in dividuals. Following this perspective, Jones (2000) identifies three levels of racism, which he suggests can be: institutionalized, personally mediated, or internalized. On another level, Essed (1991, p.3) introduces the conceptual dimension of â€Å"everyday racism†, which refers to the forms of racial discrimination that are manifested in â€Å"familiar, recurrent, systemic practices†; and such practices, according to Essed (1991), ordinarily involve socialized behaviours and attitudes. There is also a dimension of segregation and exclusion that, while not exclusively racial, may incorporate racist considerations. This dimension has been termed ‘social closure’, and as Parkin (1974) explains, it involves â€Å"the process by which social collectivities seek to maximise rewards by restricting access to a limited number of eligibles† (p. 54). Analyse the sources The sources considered for the literature review are more of reports and research findings sponsored by the government and conducted by interest groups as there are relatively small empirical studies accessible by the researcher. While this may potentially limit the outcome of what can be understood about racism. The researcher makes effort to address this problem by scouring every available sources for useful studies and literature on racial discrimination to add to thoughts from modern literature. Research Design A qualitative research approach has been considered for the dissertation because such approach would be more useful in investigating the issues and underlying problems and the implications of racism. According to Stake (1995) qualitative research is useful where the aim is to understand the causes and the real scenarios in research settings. The method would be used as a way of exploring and understanding everything about racial discrimination. Research Method – Case Study The qualitative case study method has been chosen to conduct the research and would focus on Nottingham and in particular the students of NTIC. Yin (1984) defines the case study research method as involving the academic â€Å"study of a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context†. For the most part, case studies are useful for gaining in-depth knowledge because they emphasize a contextual analysis of deliberately limited of events or conditions as well as the relationships that govern them. They will be used for the dissertation to achieve the research aims and objectives. Data Collection Both primary and secondary data collection methods are considered for the research, the main primary instrument considered appropriate is the semi structured interview because of its flexibility in drawing appropriate information from the respondent (Saunders et al, 2000). This method was selected because it would help the researcher to obtain specific information and insights into the incidence of racism among students and other community members in NTIC; useful information pertaining to the diverse dimensions and underpinnings of racism and segregation would be learned through the mentioned interview structure with students and lecturers in the academic community. In total, about 35-40 respondents are considered as the appropriate population size. Secondary data will be sourced from existing reports, research journals and government statistics. Sampling Method Given the nature of the present research, a representative sampling method is considered appropriate. Representative sampling offers the researcher the opportunity to identity the exact representative of the population studied. According to Saunders et al (2000) by using this method, the students of NTIC specifically those who represent other population apart from British are interviewed. In order to maintain objectivity and validity of the research possible outcome, the population will not be limited to any ethnic group or country. Ethical Considerations: One of the foreseen ethical issues might be the disclosure of data from interviewees who may feel uncomfortable answering certain questions about how they feel about racial discrimination. Given that the present subject is also very sensitive, there are certain issues that might arise from concerns especially where some questions are concerned. In addition, use of the collected data might be the fear of some interviewee’s. The researcher will allay such fears by ensuring that only questions which are relevant are asked and data related to personal details such as name will be excluded to protect interviewee’s identity. All respondents will also be assured that data collected will be strictly used for the purpose of the research and shall not be disclosed to any third party, while the researcher will try at possible best to avoid sensitive questions that can cause problems. References Adamson et al (2009). Hidden from public viewRacism against the UK Chinese population. The Monitoring Group and the authors? Bond, A. (2011) â€Å"NUS Reveals Rampant University Racismâ€Å", Durham One, 14 June. Available at: http://www.durhamone.co.uk/news/nus-reveals-rampant-university-racism [29 June 2011] Craig, G. (2007b) Cunning, loathsome and unprincipled’: the racist tail wags the welfare dog’, Journal of Social Policy, 36,(4), October: 605-623. Essed, P. (1991) Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory, London: SAGE Publications Hussein, B, Smith, Law, I. Lau, C. Chau, C, Chueng, T. (2009). Hidden from public viewRacism against the UK Chinese Population: The Monitoring Group and the authors Hammond, R. and Axelrod, R. (2006) â€Å"The Evolution of Ethnocentrism†, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(6): 926–936. Home Office (2005) The Race Equality Duty and the Statutory Three Year Review Probation Circular 21/2005, London: Home Office. Jones, C. P. (2000) â€Å"Levels of Racism: A Theoretical Framework and a Gardener’s Tale†, American Journal of Public Health, 90(8): 1212-1215. Law, I. (2007) Tackling racism, whiteness and Eurocentrism in learning and teaching, Educational Developments, 8.3, August: 15-17. Parkin, F. (1974) â€Å"Strategies of Social Closure in Class formation†, Social Analysis of Class Structure, 12: 1-18 Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2000) Research Methods for Business Students, 2nd edition, London: Pitman Publishing Stake, R. E. (1995) The art of case study research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Yin, R. (1984) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications How to cite Racism and its likely Implications for University Education, Essay examples

Sections That Were Breached In the Case †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explain Sections That Were Breached In The Case? Answer: Introduction Let us first discuss the background of the case. Australian securities and investments commission (ASIC) in March 2006 instigated proceeding in the Federal court of Australia contrary to Fortescue metal group Ltd. And Andrew forest who is a chairman, CEO and important shareholder of Fortescue: Forrest. Challenging Fortescues proclamations to the television and the comprehensive market on the subject of a series of charter arrangements between Fortescue and three state owned Chinese corporations. In the year 2004 Fortescue metal group Ltd. Has signed a series of charter or framework agreements with no of Chinese companies which were owned by government in respect of building of groundwork for a mining project in Western Australia. Agreements which were made has bordered the terms in very broad manner, like what portion of work needs to be completed and when, as well as terms of payment. Agreements also includes some items which states that: The agreement will be obligatory after the consent of the board which had to be given before stated date. The parties acknowledged that an occupied, extra comprehensive contract not altered in intent from framework agreement would be established later. When the Framework agreement was received after the consent of board from both the companies Fortescue metal group Ltd announced to the Australian stock exchange that the company has move in into an obligatory contract with China railway engineering establishment to construct and funding the railway element of the Pilbara Iron Ore Infrastructure Project. After that some allegation were made on Fortescue metal group which states that agreements which were made may not be obligatory agreement. Australian securities and investments commission (ASIC) brings proceedings against Fortescue metal group and Mr. Forest alleging that Fortescue metal group and Mr. Forest breached may provision of Corporation Act 2001. The Trial court announce its verdict in favour of Fortescue metal group and Mr. Forest, but this verdict was overturned by full federal court on the following grounds:- That there has been a contravention of constant revelation responsibility: the market would expected and have understood the declarations to mean the agreement enforceable in an Australian Court (which was deceptive for the reason that they were not enforceable in that approach). Forest has not satisfied his legislative liability of care as a director while giving his approval or constructing or making declarations. Later on High court upturned full federal courts decision because appeal was made by Fortescue metal group to high court. High court also criticise the way the ASIC contended its case. The court said that the declarations correctly mirrored the terms of framework contracts. And term binding contracts involves the parties to contract will binding to the agreement which was true. The other part of the case is that the counter parties were Chinese companies which were owned by government and the agreements were signed in Beijing so it may happen that agreements were done according to Chinese laws and not according to Australian Laws. This case has not made any changes to the law relating to the announcements disclosure which needs obligatory continues disclosure but has taught that how the announcements needs to assessed. This case provides clear prompt of the prominence of exactitude of the declarations made by the companies. Although Mr. Forest won the case but it continued at exclusive disruption. Companies should take into account and should provide surety that any statements concerning official papers such as heads of terms, document of understanding and the like correctly replicate the nature of file or document. Hence this case tells about how the issues announcements related to agreements of companies were handled by different courts (QUT, (2013)) We will discuss other related matters in the next headings. Sections that were breached in the case: In the case of Forrest v Australian securities and investments commission when the case were under federal court the allegation were made by Australian securities and investments commission(ASIC) on Fortescue metal group (FMG )and Mr. Forrest the CEO of FMG that they have contravened section sections 1041 ,674 and 180(1) of the corporation Act 2001. Let us now discuss these sections in details below: Section 1041 of the Corporation Act 2001: Market manipulation, according to this section provision a person should not participate directly or indirectly in and should not carry out such transaction or transactions that is or expected to have the result of generating false value for dealing in pecuniary goods on a monetary market activated in this dominion or have the result of retaining at the level that is false price for dealing in monetary goods on a commercial market in this dominion. There is applicability of penalty in contravention of this section (spencer, (2013)) ection 674 of the corporation Act2001: uninterrupted Disclosure: provision of this section says that entity listed on a stock exchange is unavoidably bound by continuous revelation market listing rule (Sadrodiski, 2017) Section 180(1): According section 180 there is civil duty only regarding care and carefulness by directors and other officers. A director or other officer of a organisation must exercise their control and release their responsibilities with the point of caution and carefulness that a rational person use if they were a director or officer of a organization and engaged in the place of work held by him and had the identical accountabilities within the organization as the director or officer. As per Australian securities and investments commission Fortescue and Mr. Forrest had breached these section because there has been a contravention of continuous revelation compulsion, the market have to be expected to assumed the declarations to mean the arrangements were enforceable in an Australian court which was disingenuous for the reason that they were not enforceable in that manner. (Gupta, (2008)) Mr. Forrest has not discharged his legislative responsibility of care and attentiveness as a director when favourably approving or making declarations which is mandatory as per section 180(1) (Andrew, (2017)) As per Australian securities and investments commission Fortescue breached these sections by declaring their agreements of framework with state owned Chinese companies as binding contract which according to Australian securities and investments commission was misleading and deceptive (Humphrey, (2013)) Analysis of the court or tribunal decision: Firstly this case proceedings were initiated by Australian securities and investments commission in trial court. Proceedings were initiated against Fortescue metal group and Mr. Forest after they have made the announcements in Australian stock exchange regarding there framework agreement with Chinese companies which were owned by government. At trial court judge has dismissed Australian securities and investments commissions claim but on the plea to full federal court Australian securities and investments commission claim was effective in attaining the orders that: Fortescue was affianced in unreliable or illusory comportment in violation of section 1041 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australain LAw , (2013)) Fortescue metal group has violated section 674 of the Act of continuous disclosure requirement. CEO of the company Mr. Forest was also not successful in exercising his influences and satisfying his responsibilities with realistic care and persistence. He has trespassed section 180(1) of the Act (News, (2017)) After this decision of full federal court Fortescue and Forest plead in contradiction of this verdict of federal court in high court and pursued restoration of the verdict given by trial court at the first case in find. The issues which were raised by the Australian securities and investments commission that the Fortescue and Mr. Forest and its board has acted misleadingly in the declarations made by them were lessened by the High court (Loth, (2017)) The court concentrated its analysis whether Fortescue usage of word Binding contract in declarations made by them was distorted or dishonest or likely distort or cheat (Commino, 2014) The court piloted a close scrutiny of the connotation of term required agreement as assumed with orientation to the envisioned spectators. The envisioned spectators would be stockholders or possibly some extensive sector of trade community. The court said that the term binding contract would not necessarily the agreement which legally enforceable if the literal meaning is ignored. Sometimes the validity of the contract should not be evaluated in certain situations and also the performance of the contract should not be practically measured before the initiation of the contract and before making declarations to the public that it is binding (Cornwall, 2017) Let us now discuss the reasons behind such decision of the court. The courts methodology depend on the following two crucial matters:- The Declaration correctly abridged content of the framework contracts Binding contract pointed out in reference to the parties who have entered into contract are the parties who are intended to be binding (Reinshaw, 2017) The court also discards the Australian securities and investments commissions allegation that the contract of framework agreement would be administered by laws of Australia. The agreement involves other country i.e. China and the agreement ceremony was happened in Beijing so it is not necessary that Australian law will apply. The court states that Audience for the questioned declarations would have acknowledged from the identical content of the declarations that contract to which they mentioned had imperative transnational attributes ASIC also made allegations on Mr. Forest that he has rehabilitated the terms of framework contracts pointed that the covenants were not binding in nature (Gupta) These allegations which was made by Australian securities and investments commission was forbidden by court on the ground that post contractual discussions does not amount to rejection of a previous covenant and it was appropriate marketable behaviour to carry on to endeavour to strike a better snip (Keeves, 2017) The high court also dismissed the allegations which were made by Australian securities and investments commission that Fortescue and MR. Forest has breached the section 1041 of the Act. i.e. Fortescue was not involve in any ambiguous and unreliable conduct. And also section 674 and that is unremitting revelation and section 180(1) that is director duties were dependent on a breach of section 1041 of the Act and were terminated accordingly (Finlaysons, (2017)) Hence this case tells us about how the issues on declaration related to agreements of companies were handled by different hierarchy of courts (Beunder, (1988) Conclusion: This case give emphasis on the fundamental question regarding how the declaration made by companies should be assessed. This case has not made any changes to the law relating to the announcements disclosure which needs obligatory continues disclosure but has taught that how the announcements needs to assessed. This case provides clear prompt of the prominence of exactitude of the declarations made by the companies. Although Mr. Forest won the case but it continued at exclusive disruption (Cirillo, (2012)) Companies should take into account and should provide surety that any statements concerning official papers such as heads of terms, document of understanding and the like correctly replicate the nature of file or document (Spencer, (2013)) In this case High court all the way held that Fortescue metal group Ltd. And Andrew forest did not violate the provision of Corporation Act 2001 in relation to public statements about agreements. In a nutshell we can summarised the case as follows. Australian securities and investments commission made allegations on Fortescue metal group Ltd. And Mr. Forest the CEO of the company and the major shareholder of the company that the announcement regarding framework agreement which was held in between Fortescue and Chinese companies which was owned by the government. In trial court Australian securities and investments commission lost the case and the decision was held in the favour of Fortescue and MR. Forest. This decision was challenged by Australian securities and investments commission in full federal court and the decision of trial court were reversed. This decision of federal court were challenged by the Fortescue and MR. Forest in High court and high court dismissed all the allega tions made by Australian securities and investments commission on Fortescue and Mr. Forest regarding misleading and deceptive announcement of their binding agreement with Chinese state owned company (Mills Oakley, 2017)High court held that the verdict passed in the trial court should be in force so it reversed the verdict of full federal court and sustain with the trial court decision by dismissing all the allegations made by Australian securities and investments commission (Bryngelsson, (2003)) References Cornwall (2017).Forest vs ASIC decision [online] Available at: https://cornwalls.com.au/sharing-knowledge/legal-updates/high-court-rules-in-favour-of-fortescue-metals-group-ltd-and-andrew-forrest.aspx [Accessed 9th April. 2017] Finlaysons (2017). Forest vs ASIC[online] Available at: https://www.finlaysons.com.au/files/news/legal_alerts/high_court_decision-fortescue_metals_group-oct_2012.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017] News(2017) High court of Australia [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-02/high-court-ruling-forrest-v-asic/4290842 [Accessed 9th April. 2017] QUT( 2017)Forest v ASIC (2017. [online] Available at: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/66926/ [Accessed 9th April. 2017] Lexology ( 2017)Forest v Australian Securities (2017. [online] Available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=34dadd8a-2201-4331-80a8-513a56c2df9c [Accessed 9th April. 2017] Keeves, J( 2017)ASIC V Forest (2017. [online] Available at: https://www.jws.com.au/en/acumen/item/274-asic-v-forrest-and-fortescue-2012-hca-39-in-the-high-court [Accessed 9th April. 2017] Lavan( 2017)ASIC V Forest (2017. [online] Available at: https://www.lavan.com.au/advice/high_court_dismisses_continuous_disclosure_action_against_fmg_and_andrew_fo [Accessed 9th April. 2017] Roth , S( 2017)ASIC V Forest (2017. [online] Available at: https://www.sourcelegal.com.au/pdf/Fortescue%20case%20article.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017 School of law(2017)ASIC V Forest (2017. [online] Available at: https://www.law.uh.edu/assignments/spring2015/17810/set6.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017 Mills Oakley( 2017)ASIC V Forest (2017. [online] Available at: https://www.millsoakley.com.au/fortescue-and-forrest-win-high-court-appeal/ [Accessed 9th April. 2017] Sadrozinski, H.W., Bashkirov, V., Bruzzi, M., Ebrahimi, M., Feldt, J., Heimann, J., Keeney, B., Martinez-McKinney, F., Menichelli, D., Nelson, G. and Nesom, G., 2004. The particle tracking silicon microscope PTSM.IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,51(5), pp.2032-2036. Humphrey, J. and Corones, S., Forrest v ASIC:A Perfect Storm(2014).Australian Law Journal,88, p.26. Beunder, M.A., Kernhof, J.P. and Hoefflinger, B., 1988. The CMOS gate forest: an efficient and flexible high-performance ASIC design environment.IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits,23(2), pp.387-399. Renshaw, C.K., Xu, X. and Forrest, S.R., 2010. A monolithically integrated organic photodetector and thin film transistor.Organic Electronics,11(1), pp.175-178. BRYNGELSSON, T., BEKELE, E. and SALOMON, B., 2003. Genetic diversity of forest arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Ethiopia as revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.Hereditas,138(1), pp.36-46. Beunder, M.A., Kernhof, J.P. and Hoefflinger, B., 1988. The CMOS gate forest: an efficient and flexible high-performance ASIC design environment.IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits,23(2), pp.387-399. Spencer-Laitt, D., 2013. Forrest in the High Court: What Lessons Does FMG v ASIC Anor [2012] HCA 39 Hold for the Future.UW Austl. L. Rev.,37, p.146. Comino, V., 2014. Australia's' Company Law Watchdog': The Australian Securities and Investments Commission and the Civil Penalties Regime. Cirillo, S., 2012. Care in the drafting of pleadings.Bar News: The Journal of the NSW Bar Association, (Summer 2012-2013), p.23. Gupta, R. and Brewer, F., 2008. High-level synthesis: A retrospective. InHigh-level synthesis(pp. 13-28). Springer Netherlands. Marchau, V.A., Walker, W.E. and Van Wee, G.P., 2010. Dynamic adaptive transport policies for handling deep uncertainty.Technological forecasting and social change,77(6), pp.94

10 Persuasive Essay Topics on Sports as a Social Institution

10 Persuasive Essay Topics on Sports as a Social Institution When you want to sway an audience to agree with your point of view by presenting arguments, reasons, thoughts and a lot of research, you are actually trying to write a persuasive essay which persuades readers to agreeing with your view. If you don’t have any idea on how to write a persuasive essay on sports as a social institution, we’re here to help. In this first guide, 10 facts for a persuasive essay on sports as a social institution, you’ll learn 10 interesting and informative facts on the topic. This guide helps you attain knowledge on your chosen topic without spending extensive time on research because at the end, you’ll find 7 references from where these facts were gathered. We also have a second guide, 20 topics on sports as a social institution, so you don’t have to brainstorm for specific subtopics. This guide also includes a sample essay as an example on how to write a persuasive essay on sports as a social institution. Naturally, we’ve included 7 references to those topic ideas, for your convenience. Finally, in our last guide, we have included everything you need to know about persuasive writing and how a well-written persuasive essay should be planned. You can look at it as an academic guideline to writing the perfect persuasive essay so that your professor admires your hard work and efforts. Without further ado, here are 10 Facts on Sports as a Social Institution: Around the globe, sports have shaped up social individuals as well as political identities. It has been a subject of popular literature in terms of legends, club histories, heroes, games and championships. Sports have also been credited in popular films, television drama and various other narratives that have influenced millions, even billions of people worldwide. In fact, over recent years, sports have been taken as an important subject of intellectual inquiry, attracting overwhelming interest in the process. Most television programs around the world depend on sporting events to increase their viewers and subscribers. For example, the World Cup Tournament of 2006 held in Germany, attracted 30 billion viewers from around the world. The final match alone was watched by 2 billion people all over the globe. When the internet was used for the first time to enhance viewership of the Beijing Olympics, billions of people watched the seasonal feats of Michael Phelps and Usain Bolt. By reaching audiences through the internet, it boosted the global viewership that was well beyond its traditional boundaries. Many major sports teams serve as a source of pride and social status for individuals who own them. In addition, there are major protagonists in sports who are admired and recognized all over the world. Some of them include David Beckham, Michael Jordan, Ronaldinho, Thierry Henry, Kobe Bryant, Tiger Woods and Lionel Messi. Sports have risen to fame today due to the fact that it became a necessity for people all around the world and social societies demanded it as a means of leisure and entertainment. It is one of the oldest and most essential social institutions that still serves its purpose to gather people from all over the world to one place, idea, or thought. Bodybuilding is a good example. It was becoming a basic need for people to stay fit and look good, and so this sport came into existence. Sports have taken a highly necessary role all over the world, even politically. Tony Blair, the former British prime minister, was sorely disappointed upon receiving news that David Beckham would be unable to take part in a crucial match because he broke his right foot. Mr. Blair went as far as to stop a crucial meeting from being held upon receiving such devastating news. This represents a strong influence of sports on the world, even on a political scale. Sports seem to be a central part of every living and breathing person in this world. In fact, the popularity of sports has been rising so dramatically that it has connected itself with other social institutions. Sports has also been seen to influence culture and in some cases, religion. If you see the sports from a functional perspective, it has played a major role in maintaining the status quo and social order. In ancient civilization, sports and protagonists of sports were influenced by those who had money and power. Even though most sports had been made official, it could still be â€Å"democratized† in terms of fairness and sportsmanship. On the one hand, there was a strong concern to maintain and protect fair play, however, on the other, it has been suggested that there was a strong urge to cheat as well, in order to secure a certain social and financial status. The â€Å"Hegemonic Sports Culture† has been comprised of sports that are defined by watching, living, speaking, following, debating and even worrying about the sport in a way, rather than just playing it. Regardless of the nature of a game, many societies have been seen to have a hegemonic sports culture. Professional sports are a global force that’s quickly spread all over the world. It has miraculously become a common language even though we still see distinctiveness in local sports, where regional teams are followed by loyal local fans forever. Masculine sports such as basketball, baseball, football, soccer and hockey have given rise to sports protagonists among millions of predominantly male fans all over the world. We’re sure you enjoyed reading through these facts. Now you have something to start with. Let’s proceed to our second guide where you are bestowed with 20 relevant topics that’ll help you write a persuasive essay on Sports as a Social Institution. We also have a third guide, Writer’s Guide for a Persuasive Essay on Sports as a Social Institution, to sum up everything. References: Yilmaz Kaplan, Demet Tekinay, Dr. Alkan Ugurlu; 2013 â€Å"Social Status of Sport: Sport as a Social Event, Phenomenon and Institution† International Journal of Science, Culture and Sports. iscsjournal.com/Makaleler/588422276_8ugurlu.pdf Kaplan Y (2011). Hukuk Kurumu, Ed. Gà ¼Ãƒ §là ¼, Sevinà §. Kurumlara Sosyolojik BakÄ ±Ã…Ÿ, Kitabevi YayÄ ±nlarÄ ±, Sosyoloji Dizisi 8, 2. BaskÄ ±, Ä °stanbul. Kaplan Y (2007). Toplumsal Kurum Olarak Spor ve Ä °Ã…Ÿlevleri, UluslararasÄ ± Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Kongresi Bildiriler KitabÄ ±, 09 11 November 2007, Antalya TÃÅ"RKÄ °YE. Lars Rensmann, Andrei S. Markovits; 2010 â€Å"Gaming the World: How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture† Amazon Prime  https://www.amazon.com/Gaming-World-Reshaping-Politics-Culture/dp/069113751X Eric M. Leifer, 1998 â€Å"Making the Majors – The Transformation of Team Sports in America† Harvard University Press  hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674543317 FREY, JH; EITZEN, DS; 1991 â€Å"Sport and Society – Annual Review of Sociology† Volume 17, Pages 503-522 Annual Reviews Inc. Coakley, J. J. (1997). Sport in society: issues controversies.Sport in society: issues controversies. McGraw-Hill Inc.

The Delicate, Wilted Flower-The Role of Ophelia in Hamlet essays

The Delicate, Wilted Flower-The Role of Ophelia in Hamlet essays The classic tragedy Hamlet, is a story of a prince and the dysfunction experienced after the death of his father. After discovering his father was murdered by his uncle Claudius, Hamlets life, along with the lives of those around him, began to spiral into a tangled web. Never is this more apparent than in the case of Ophelia. However subtle, Ophelia plays a significant role riddled with control, grief, and vulnerability. Ophelia can be compared to that of a delicate, wilted, flower. She is fragile and apparently ruled by the men in her life. It is as though she has no true identity, for Polonius and Laertes dictated her actions. Her brother discourages her from maintaining her relationship with Hamlet by telling her, Fear it Ophelia, fear it my dear sister, and keep you in the rear of your affection out of the shot and danger of desire. Her father concurs with Laertes opinions of Hamlets true intentions and tells her princes could only marry princesses. This is a contradiction, for throughout the play, Gertrude implies that she would like to see Hamlet and Ophelia together. If Polonius were correct, wouldnt Gertrude have been the first to say her son must look for a more deserving woman? At no time during the play does Gertrude express disdain for Ophelia. Without further questioning, she obediently agrees to abide by her fathers wishes of severing the relationship. This is truly sad for it is obvious she has strong feelings for him. Rather than stand up for her beliefs, she in essence, sacrifices herself in order to please her father. While her fathers intentions appear to be good, he did not allow her to learn the lessons of life on her own. He so wanted to protect her that he failed to recognize that pain was all a part of growing up and almost a rite of passage into adulthood; especially with affairs of the heart. Not allowing her to discover this f...

Food and Beverage Lodging Organizational Structure Essay

Food and Beverage Lodging Organizational Structure - Essay Example Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the organizational structure related to the operation of Food and Beverage in the hotel lodging industry. Further, the relationship between organizational structure and process management will be analysed. According to Shock & Stefanelli (1999), hotel restaurants have traditionally been managed as a secondary function, the second largest source of revenue, with the main operation being provision of rooms with boarding amenities. A new focus on outsourcing leads to creative planning and strategic alliances with well-known restaurant brands. â€Å"Organizational structure refers to the organization’s â€Å"formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, authority, and decision making processes† (Hoskisson, 2008, p.309). When these elements of structure are properly aligned with each other and with necessary processes, the structure enables effective implementation of the organization’s strategies. Because of the diversity of services provided, the food and beverage department is subdivided into several units (Excerpt, 1999). The executive chef runs the food production or kitchen department, and is a very important person of authority in the organizational structure. Various culinary specialists responsible for different aspects of food preparation report to the executive chef. A separate department, headed by the assistant food and beverage director is responsible for the actual serving of food in the restaurants of large hotels. The food service section includes the individual restaurant and outlet managers, maitre d’ hotel, waiters, waitresses, and other help. Based on the special concerns and duties related to room service in large hotels and lodging facilities, a separate subunit is designated for the purpose. Similarly, separate departments may be responsible for the sale of alcoholic beverages,

Autobiographical Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Autobiographical Paper - Assignment Example The 1939 movie has its basis on Margaret Mitchell’s novel of a similar name published in 1936. Among the different movies that I have watched, Gone with the Wind remains the most outstanding. The impact, which the film made in my perception of life and all its challenges continue to last. Fleming’s Gone with the Wind’s most appealing aspect is its thematic approach. Despite being old and produced in 1939, the film remains influential in my life to date. It expresses the need for courage as the best way of surviving through times of crises in life. The movie’s approach to life is that it is characteristic of conflicts. In the movie, Fleming depicts conflicts in life through characters’ experience during the American Civil War period. Despite all the challenges of life, there is a need that people hold on by never giving up. The movie, therefore, emphasizes hope as a virtue that can keep people going. Fleming’s expression of the virtue of hope in life renders the movie influential in life. Based on the characters’ conduct, it is clear that determination is a sure way achieve every goal that an individual desires. Based on the movie’s themes, I established a fundamental life principle of endurance in the face of challenges after watching Fleming’s Gone with the Wind movie. The principles are invaluable to everyone regardless of gender, age, religion, or orientation in life. The movie, therefore, exceeds the limitations of time and lives on to represent the past and the present. The film explores essential characteristics of successful people by highlighting that there are always challenges along the path of all successful people. Perhaps an individual could be unaware that great leaders must learn to endure challenges that emanate from experiences. It is unprecedented that there will be a movie to remain relevant through history and inspirational to viewers in the same way as Fleming’s

Happiness Is Being Content Philosophy Essay

Happiness Is Being Content Philosophy Essay Happiness is being content with what you have in your life. It comes down to two different types of contentment. The first type is a material happiness that comes from material things including food, shelter, clothing, cars, technological devices and anything else that that physically exists and is an object of desire. The second type of happiness is much more abstract; it is a kind of spiritual or natural happiness. It comes from being at peace or from achieving a state of inner contentment. As the saying goes, the truth lies somewhere in the middle and it is my belief that only through a perfect balance of these two sources of happiness can one be truly happy, which is, in a way, to be content. The fourteenth Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso speaks of happiness in much the same way. When asked by Howard Cutler to speak about desire, the Dalai Lama replies, I think there are two kinds of desire (Cutler 1000). The Dalai Lama says of the material desire I previously identified: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I think that this kind of excessive desire leads to greed-an exaggerated form of desire, based on over expectation. He goes on to say, When it comes to dealing with greed, one thing that is quite characteristic is that although it arrives by the desire to obtain something, it is not satisfied by obtaining (Cutler 1001). I completely agree with him on this point, that material desire can become excessive and lead to insatiable greed. However, it is my belief that happiness comes from fulfilling desire, which is, in part, fulfilling superficial material desire. But that is not all that constitutes happiness. As the Dalai Lama says, The true antidote of greed is contentment. If you have a strong sen se of contentment, it doesnt matter whether you obtain the object or not; either way, you are still content (Cutler 1002). This kind of inner contentment comes about through the second type of happiness I spoke of, the spiritual or natural happiness. Natural happiness or inner contentment is a rather difficult thing to explain, as it is a very abstract idea. Inner contentment cannot be found through material things. It comes from oneself, from one making peace with what they have and understanding that they cannot have everything. Howard Cutler, the Dalai Lamas companion, asks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦How can we achieve inner contentment? There are two methods. One method is to obtain everything we want and desireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The second, and more reliable, method is not to have what we want but rather to want and appreciate what we have (Cutler 1002). It would seem that Cutler, the Dalai Lama, and I share many of the same views. Inner contentment itself comes from making peace with what we already have, moving past the desire of wanting material things. However, it should be made clear that we are discussing happiness, not contentment. Contentment, inner contentment, certainly comes from achieving a peace with what one has and accepting that one cant have everything. But that is only contentment. True happiness comes from a balance of both contentment and desire. It comes from striking a balance between the two methods of achieving inner contentment. But this is only one persons happiness. Philosophers such as Epictetus would argue that happiness does not come about through these methods. Epictetus taught that: The goal of life is happiness or flourishing life. The way to achieve this condition is to understand the nature of the good (Barnet and Bedau 995). He argued that The only true good is virtue. Yes, wealth can be useful, but it is not good or badà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Povertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is not bad but is morally indifferent (just as wealth is morally indifferent)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The life that is happy or fruitful is the virtuous life (Barnet and Bedau 995). Epictetus was likely speaking about happiness as a whole or happiness for the greater good. One persons happiness may not be the same as anothers, but I agree with Epictetus that happiness comes about through living a virtuous life. I would call this version of happiness a worldly contentment. This is, of course, different from the inner contentment previously discussed. Daniel Gilbert adds onto this idea of contentment. In his essay Does Fatherhood Make You Happy? he explains that having children generally makes a parent happy. Psychologists have measured how people feel as they go about their daily activities, and have found that people are less happy when they are interacting with their children than when they are eating, exercising, shopping or watching television (Gilbert 985). He starts off by stating how studies have shown that parents become less happy when they have children around them and how they would rather be spending time doing other things to make them happy, but later counters this idea with his reasons from personal experience. First, when something makes us happy we are willing to pay a lot for it, which is why the worst Belgian chocolate is more expensive than the best Belgian tofu. But that process can work in reverse: when we pay a lot for something, we assume it makes us happy, which is why we swear to the wonders of bottled water and Armani socks (Gilbert 985). Gilbert brings toward a materialistic view very similar to the Dalai Lamas. We are willing to sacrifice for material wants and desires but only true happiness lies in contentment. Gilbert compares children to heroin, while it may seem irrational his points are made clear. Children give parents a feeling of pleasure that makes them forget everything else around them. The analogy to children is all too clear. Even if their company were an unremitting pleasure, the fact that they require so much company means that other sources of pleasure will all but disappear (Gilbert 986). I interpret this as another form of contentment. Because of how satisfying it is to have children, it makes a parent content that they dont need anything else. Lewis proposes a countercultural idea, that we actually have no right to happiness. Some people believe that happiness is a right and is supposed to be given out, or is required to be provided by the government, like a right. In all reality that is true, but to an extent, we do have a right to happiness; we also have a right to earn happiness. We are all provided with the resources to do so. As in all rights we are provided with there still is some kind of boundary. If we establish a right to (sexual) happiness which supersedes all the ordinary rules of behavior, we do so not because of what out passion shows itself to be in experience but because of what it professes to be while we are in the grip of it (Lewis 1006). Lewis would say that pursuing happiness is alright as long as you are within legal and moral laws. In other words, living a good life is a means to pursue happiness. Thus the question of what is happiness can be defined in multiple ways. For one person, it is through achieving a state of inner contentment through finding a balance between material desire of what one does not have and a desire of what one already has. In the context of worldly or societal happiness, happiness is found through living a life of virtue and thus being fulfilled, or finding contentment, in that manner. Happiness is all of these things. Happiness, however, isnt a destination to reach. Its a perception, a mindset. There are those that believe that people are born with this mindset. There are others who believe that each of us can achieve this perception merely by redirecting our thoughts. Both are true. Sometimes it takes a really stressful event to make us realize how grateful we are for what we have rather than desiring what we dont have. The secret to happiness is contentment; a still point of realization that happiness is found within, not through external measures and possessions. Contentment is more than being grateful for the small things in life, it is being grateful for simply being. Contentment is a song the heart sings in the quiet moments of the day. Can you hear it?

Stereotypes and Stereotyping in A Tale of Two Cities Essay example --

Stereotypes in A Tale of Two Cities      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charles Dickens stereotypes many of his Characters in A Tale of Two Cities. Among these stereotyped characters are The Marquis D' Evremond, Lucy, and Miss Pross. These particular stereotypes were probably intentional, for Dicken's was not a skilled writer.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Marquis d' Evremond was probably intentionally stereotyped. His character is basically used to represent the French Military of the time, so he was as cruel, ignorant, and pompous as the French citizens were at that time. His actions when his carriage runs over a child clearly show Dickens's motive: to portray the French Military of the era as kind and generous citizens, and to sort of justify the French Revolution. His dialogue with Miss Pross early in the story also shows his contempt for the proletariat; furthering his role as the stereotype of the Military. Just as he symbolizes the blood spilled in the revolution, his birth symbolizes the fall of the Monarchy to come.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lucy'...

Goods and Services Tax

K SYMBIOSIS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES Goods & Services Tax Report submitted to Dr. Dhirendra Deshpande in partial fulfillment for the degree of Masters in Business Administration Symbiosis International University, Pune Abstract: This report is an attempt to understand the impact of GST on Indian economy. The report defines Sales Tax and Value-Added Tax (VAT). It then looks at the Goods and Services Tax (GST) design in India which has been adapted to suit the Indian taxation system.The report ends with the probable impact of GST on Indian economy and the limitations of the implementation of GST. ? Contents Introduction3 Sales Tax3 Types of sales tax3 Sales tax in India4 Value- Added Tax (VAT)6 Importance of VAT in India6 Advantages Of VAT6 Disadvantages of VAT7 Items covered under VAT7 Tax implication under Value Added Tax Act8 VAT vs. Sales Tax8 Goods and Services Tax (GST)10 Introduction10 The Need for GST10 Benefits of GST11 How GST Will Work12 GST vs. VAT14 GST vs. SALES TA X15 Limitation of GST16 IntroductionThis report is an attempt to understand the impact of GST on Indian economy. The report starts by defining Sales Tax and Value-Added Tax (VAT). It then looks at the Goods and Services Tax (GST) design in India which has been adapted to suit the Indian taxation system. The report ends with the probable impact of GST on Indian economy. Sales Tax A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body by a seller for the sales of certain goods and services. Laws allow the seller to collect funds for the tax from the consumer at the point of purchase.Laws may allow sellers to itemiz (state item by item) the tax separately from the price of the goods or services, or require it to be included in the price (tax-inclusive). The tax amount is usually calculated by applying a percentage rate to the taxable price of a sale. When a tax on goods or services is paid to a governing body directly by a consumer, it is usually called a use tax. Often laws provide for the exe mption of certain goods or services from sales and use tax. Types of sales tax Gross receipts taxes: This tax has been criticized for its â€Å"cascading† or â€Å"pyramiding† effect, in which an item is taxed more than once as it makes its way from production to final retail sale. †¢Excise taxes: Applied to a narrow range of products, such as gasoline or alcohol, usually imposed on the producer or wholesaler rather than the retail seller. †¢Use tax: Imposed directly on the consumer of goods purchased without sales tax, generally items purchased from a vendor who is not under the jurisdiction of the taxing authority (e. g. , a vendor in another state).Use taxes are commonly imposed by states with a sales tax, but are usually only enforced for large items such as automobiles and boats. †¢Securities turnover excise tax on the trade of securities. †¢Value added taxes: In which tax is charged on all sales, thus avoiding the need for a system of resale c ertificates. Tax cascading is avoided by applying the tax only to the difference (â€Å"value added†) between the price paid by the first purchaser and the price paid by each subsequent purchaser of the same item. †¢Fair Tax: A proposed federal sales tax, intended to replace the U. S. ederal income tax. †¢Turnover tax: Similar to a sales tax, but applied to intermediate and possibly capital goods as an indirect tax. Sales tax in India Central Sales tax is generally payable on the sale of all goods by a dealer in the course of inter-state Trade or commerce or, outside a State or, in the course of import into or, export from India. According to S3, a sale or purchase shall be deemed to take place in the course of interstate trade or commerce in the following cases: 1. When the sale or purchase occasions the movement of goods from one State to another; 2.When the sale is affected by a transfer of documents of title to the goods during their movement from one State to a nother. Where the goods are delivered to a carrier or other bailee for transmission, the movement of the goods for the purpose of clause (b) above, is deemed to start at the time of such delivery and terminate at the time when delivery is taken from such carrier or bailee. Also, when the movement of goods starts and terminates in the same State, it shall not be deemed to be a movement of goods from one State to another.To make a sale as one in the course of interstate trade, there must be an obligation to transport the goods outside the state. The obligation may be of the seller or the buyer. It may arise by reason of statute or contract between the parties or from mutual understanding or agreement between them or, even from the nature of the transaction, which linked the sale to such transaction. There must be a contract between the seller and the buyer. According to the terms of the contract, the goods must be moved from one state to another.If there is no contract, then there is no inter-state sale. There can be an interstate sale even if the buyer and the seller belong to the same state; even if the goods move from one state to another as a result of a contract of sale; or, the goods are sold while they are in transit by transfer of documents. Sales tax is payable to the sales tax authority in the state from which the movement of goods commences. It is to be paid by every dealer on the sale of any goods effected by him in the course of inter-state trade or ommerce, notwithstanding that no liability to tax on the sale of goods arises under the tax laws of the appropriate state. No state can levy sales tax on any sale or purchase where such sale or purchase takes place †¢outside the state and †¢in the course of import of goods into or export of goods outside India. Only the parliament can levy tax on inter-state sale or purchase of goods Not all despatches of goods from one state to another result in inter state sales rather the movement must be on account of a covenant or incident of the contract of sales.There are some instances wherein the goods are moved out of the selling state and yet they are not considered inter state sales :- 1. Intra-state sales 2. Stock transfer from head office to branch & vice versa 3. Import and Export sales or purchases 4. Sale through commission agent / on account sales 5. Delivery of Goods for executing works contract Exceptions in the sales tax include: 1. Sales to resellers such as wholesalers and retailers that have a valid state resale certificate. 2.Sales to tax-exempt institutions such as schools or charities Value- Added Tax (VAT) VAT is a multi point levy where the tax paid on local purchases from the registered dealer can be set off against the tax payable on the sale of goods, other than special goods. Example: Consider the manufacture and sale of any item, which in this case we will call a widget. In what follows, the term â€Å"gross margin† is used rather than â€Å"profi t†. Profit is only what is left after paying other costs, such as rent and personnel. Importance of VAT in IndiaIndia, particularly being a trading community, has always believed in accepting and adopting loopholes in any system administered by State or Centre. If a well-administered system comes in, it only closes options for traders and businessmen to evade paying their taxes, but also makes sure that they are compelled to keep proper records of sales and purchases. Under the VAT system, no exemptions are given and a tax is levied at every stage of manufacture of a product. At every stage of value-addition, the tax that is levied on the inputs can be claimed back from tax authorities.At a macro level, two issues make the introduction of VAT critical for India. 1. Industry watchers believe that the VAT system, if enforced properly, will form part of the fiscal consolidation strategy for the country. It could, in fact, help address issues like fiscal deficit problem. Also the revenues estimated to be collected can actually mean lowering of fiscal deficit burden for the government. International Monetary Fund (IMF), in the semi-annual World Economic Outlook expressed its concern for India's large fiscal deficit – at 6 per cent of GDP. 2.Moreover any globally accepted tax administrative system would only help India integrate better in the World Trade Organization regime Advantages Of VAT 1. Simplification – Under the CST Act, there are 8 types of tax rates- 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 20% and 25%. However, under the present VAT system, there are only 2 types of taxes 4% on declared goods and 10-12% on RNR. This will eliminate any disputes that relate to rates of tax and classification of goods as this is the most usual cause of litigation. It also helps to determine the relevant stage of the tax.This is necessary as the CST Act stipulates that the tax levies at the first stage or the last stage differ. Consequently, the question of which stage of tax it falls under becomes another reason for litigation. Under the VAT system, tax is levied at each stage of the goods of sale or purchase. 2. Transparency – The tax that is levied at the first stage on the goods or sale or purchase is not transparent. This is because the amount of tax, which the goods have suffered, is not known at the subsequent stage. In the VAT system, the amount of tax is known at each and every stage of goods of sale or purchase. . Fair and Equitable – VAT introduces the uniform tax rates across the state so that unfair advantages cannot be taken while levying the tax. 4. Procedure of simplification – Procedures, relating to filing of returns, payment of tax, furnishing declaration and assessment are simplified under the VAT system so as to minimize any interface between the tax payer and the tax collector. 5. Minimize the Discretion – The VAT system proposes to minimize the discretion with the assessing officer so that every p erson is treated alike.For example, there would be no discretion involved in the imposition of penalty, late filing of returns, non-filing of returns, late payment of tax or non-payment of tax or in case of tax evasion. Such system would be free from all these harassment 6. Computerization – The VAT proposes computerization which would focus on the tax evaders by generating Exception Report. In a large number of cases, no processing or scrutiny of returns would be required as it would free the tax compliant dealers from all the harassment which is so much a part of assessment.The management information system, which would form a part of integral computerization, would make the tax department more efficient and responsive. Disadvantages of VAT 1. VAT is regressive 2. VAT is difficult to operate from position of both administration and business 3. VAT is inflationary 4. VAT favors capital intensive firms Items covered under VAT 1. All business transactions that are carried on w ithin a State by individuals/partnerships/ companies etc. are covered under VAT. 2. More than 550 items are covered under the new Indian VAT regime out of which 46 natural ; unprocessed local products will be exempt from VAT 3.Nearly 270 items including drugs and medicines, all industrial and agricultural inputs, capital goods as well as declared goods attract 4 % VAT in India. 4. The remaining items attract 12. 5 % VAT. Precious metals such as gold and bullion will be taxed at 1%. 5. Petrol and diesel are kept out of the VAT regime in India. Tax implication under Value Added Tax Act SellerBuyerSelling Price (Excluding Tax)Tax RateInvoice value (InclTax)Tax PayableTax CreditNet TaxOutflow AB1004% CST104404. 00 BC11412. 5% VAT128. 2514. 250*14. 25 CD12412. 5% VAT139. 5015. 5014. 251. 25 DConsumer13412. % VAT150. 7516. 7515. 501. 25 Total to Govt. VAT CST16. 75 4. 00 VAT vs. Sales Tax †¢VAT is a form of indirect tax which is imposed on products or services at different stages of manufacturing, where as Sales Tax is levied at the time of the purchase of the products or services. †¢VAT is levied on both the producer and consumer while a sales tax is levied on only the end consumer. †¢VAT involves tricky accounting while sales tax involves simpler accounting. †¢VAT is applied at the various stages of production while sales tax is applied on the total value of the purchase. VAT efficiently avoids evasion of taxes while a sales tax is unable to deal with this. †¢In VAT the method adopted is Input Tax Credit while Sales tax, liability of a dealer for a particular period is determined using the multiplication method. Goods and Services Tax (GST) Introduction Goods and Service Tax is a tax on goods and services, which is leviable at each point of sale or provision of service, in which at the time of sale of goods or providing the services the seller or service provider can claim the input credit of tax which he has paid while purchasing the good s or procuring the service. GST is the rate of tax remains the same but as per the necessity of the nation some goods or services can be declared as â€Å"exempted† or â€Å"Zero rated†. †¢A system Exports are zero rated and all the taxes paid while purchasing and manufacturing the goods including the taxes paid on raw material and services are returned to the exporter to make the exports competitive. †¢The sellers or service providers collect the tax from their customer, who may or may not be the ultimate customer, and before depositing the same to the exchequer, they deduct the tax they have already paid.The Need for GST †¢Avoid cascading effect of taxation: A main reason of the introduction of GST is to avoid cascading effect of taxes in India. For example manufacturing of a product attract CENVAT (Central Value Added Tax) is a component of the tax structure employed by many countries in the western section of Europe. CENVAT is derived from a tax syst em that is generally referred to as VAT. The manufacturer pays CENVAT on goods produced. According VAT rules, the sales tax is payable on the aggregate selling price which include CENVAT. Here there is no set off benefits available. Shortfall of Existing VAT: Indirect taxes like luxury tax, entertainment tax, are yet to be included in the VAT. These taxes are still existing and payable. †¢Shortfall of Existing CENVAT: Several taxes like additional customs duty, surcharges not included under CENVAT. Input tax and service tax set off is out of reach to the manufacturer and dealers. Benefits of GST †¢GST provide comprehensive and wider coverage of input credit setoff, you can use service tax credit for the payment of tax on sales of goods. †¢CST will be removed and need not pay.At present there is no input tax credit available for CST. †¢Many indirect taxes in state and central level submit by GST, you need to pay single GST instead of all. †¢Uniformity of tax rates across the states. †¢Ensure better compliance due to aggregate tax rate reduces. †¢By reducing the tax burden the competitiveness of Indian products in international market is expected to increase and there by development of the nation. †¢Price of goods is expected to be reduced in the long run as the benefit of less tax burden would be passed on to the customer. Overall tax compliance cost will reduce for government and can concentrate on GST. How GST Will Work The dealers registered under GST (Manufacturers, Wholesalers and retailers and service providers) charge GST on the price of goods and services from their customers and claim credits for the GST included in the price of their own purchases of goods and services used by them. While GST is paid at each step in the supply chain of goods and services, the paying dealers don’t actually bear the burden of the tax because GST is an indirect tax and ultimate burden of the GST has to be taken by the last c ustomer.This is because they include GST in the price of the goods and services they sell and can claim credits for the most GST included in the price of goods and services they buy. The cost of GST is borne by the final consumer, who can’t claim GST credits, i. e. input credit of the tax paid. How GST Will Work The dealers registered under GST (Manufacturers, Wholesalers and retailers and service providers) charge GST on the price of goods and services from their customers and claim credits for the GST included in the price of their own purchases of goods and services used by them.While GST is paid at each step in the supply chain of goods and services, the paying dealers don’t actually bear the burden of the tax because GST is an indirect tax and ultimate burden of the GST has to be taken by the last customer. This is because they include GST in the price of the goods and services they sell and can claim credits for the most GST included in the price of goods and ser vices they buy. The cost of GST is borne by the final consumer, who can’t claim GST credits, i. e. input credit of the tax paid. WorkingThe illustration shown below indicates, in terms of a hypothetical example with a manufacturer, one wholesaler and one retailer, how GST will work. Let us suppose that GST rate is 10%, with the manufacturer making value addition of Rs. 30 on his purchases worth Rs. 100 of input of goods and services used in the manufacturing process. The manufacturer will then pay net GST of Rs. 3 after setting-off Rs. 10 as GST paid on his inputs (i. e. Input Tax Credit) from gross GST of Rs. 13. The manufacturer sells the goods to the wholesaler. When the wholesaler sells the same goods after making value addition of (say), Rs. 0, he pays net GST of only Rs. 2, after setting-off of Input Tax Credit of Rs. 13 from the gross GST of Rs. 15 to the manufacturer. Similarly, when a retailer sells the same goods after a value addition of (say) Rs. 10, he pays net G ST of only Re. 1, after setting-off Rs. 15 from his gross GST of Rs. 16 paid to wholesaler. Thus, the manufacturer, wholesaler and retailer have to pay only Rs. 6 (= Rs. 3+Rs. 2+Re. 1) as GST on the value addition along the entire value chain from the producer to the retailer, after setting-off GST paid at the earlier stages.The overall burden of GST on the goods is thus much less. This is shown in the table below. The same illustration will hold in the case of final service provider as well. Stage of supply chain Purchase value of Input Value addition Value at which supply of goods and services made to next stage Rate of GST GST on output Input Tax credit Net GST= GST on output + Input tax credit Manufacturer 100 30 130 10% 13 10 13-10 = 3 Wholesaler 130 20 150 10% 15 13 15-13 = 2 Retailer 150 10 160 10% 16 15 16-15 = 1 The GST can be divided into following sections to understand it better: 1.Charging Tax: The dealers registered under GST (Manufacturers, Wholesalers and Retailers a nd Service Providers) are required to charge GST at the specified rate of tax on goods and services that they supply to customers. The GST payable is included in the price paid by the recipient of the goods and services. The supplier must deposit this amount of GST with the Government. 2. Getting Credit of GST: If the recipient of goods or services is a registered dealer (Manufacturers, Wholesalers and Retailers and Service Providers), he will normally be able to claim a credit for the amount of GST he has paid, provided he holds a proper tax invoice.This â€Å"input tax credit† is set off against any GST (Out Put), which the dealer charges on goods and services, which he supplies, to his customers. 3. Ultimate Burden of Tax on Last Customer: The net effect is that dealers charge GST but do not keep it, and pay GST but get a credit for it. This means that they act essentially as collecting agents for the Government. The ultimate burden of the tax falls on the last and final c onsumer of the goods and services, as this person gets no credit for the GST paid by him to his sellers or service providers. 4. Registration: Dealers will have to register for GST.These dealers will include the Suppliers, Manufacturers, Service Providers, Wholesalers and Retailers. If a dealer is not Registered, he normally cannot charge GST and cannot claim credit for the GST he pays and further cannot issue a tax invoice. 5. Tax Period: The tax period will have to be decided by the respective law and normally it is monthly and (or) quarterly. On a particular tax period, this is applicable to the dealer concerned; the dealer has to deposit the tax if his output credit is more. Than the input credit after considering the opening balance, if any, of the input credit. . Refunds: If for a tax period the input credit of a dealer is more than the output credit then he is eligible for refund subject to the provisions of law applicable in this respect. The excess may be carried forward to next period or may be refunded immediately depending upon the provision of law. 7. Exempted Goods and Services: Certain goods and services may be declared as exempted goods and services and in that case the input credit cannot be claimed on the GST paid for purchasing the raw material in this respect or GST paid on services used for providing such goods and services. 8.Zero Rated Goods and Services: Generally, export of goods and services are zero-rated and in that case the GST paid by the exporters of these goods and services is refunded. This is the basic difference between Zero rated goods and services and exempted goods and services. 9. Tax Invoice: Tax invoice is the basic and important document in the GST and a dealer registered under GST can issue a tax invoice and on the basis of this invoice the credit (Input) can be claimed. Normally a tax invoice must bear the name of supplying dealer, his tax identification nos. , address and tax invoice nos. oupled with the name and ad dress of the purchasing dealer, his tax identification nos. , address and description of goods sold or service provided. Impact of GST on Economy – International Experiences: Most countries have adopted VAT system and GST is considered similar to a VAT system. It is possible that some economies that have adopted VAT system are actually a GST as well. So we really do not know the broad experiences of most economies and stick to countries which call their tax systems as GST based. GST system has been adopted in a few economies – Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore.Hong Kong proposed to introduce it but had to abandon it amidst stiff opposition. Over a long term there are improvements across the macroeconomic variables but there were short-term glitches. Inflation did seem to rise in the years of introduction but was mainly blamed on the administration for the same. The impact on revenue and current account has been very impressive with sharp gains seen in all th e three economies. In Australia there was a more dramatic impact of GST on the economy. Before GST’s implementation, consumers rushed to purchase goods that they perceived would be substantially more expensive post-GST.After the tax, consumer consumption and economic growth declined sharply initially. In Q1 2000, Australian economy recorded negative economic growth for the first time in more than 10 years. Consumption and growth soon returned to normal. There was some negative impact on price of real estate as well but the market rose and property prices and demand increased sharply in 2002-04. GST increased the real output of the Canadian economy by 1. 4% of GDP, principally through an increase in the productivity of capital and total factor productivity. The sectors like transportation, utilities, services and agriculture experienced significant gains.Following are the impacts of GST on Australia, New Zealand and Canada : AUSTRALIANEW ZEALANDCANADA Price ChangesShort run on e off effectShort run spike in prices, no longer run increaseShort run spike in prices, no longer run increase, price regulatory body Criticize Economic GrowthIntroduced during sustained economic growth periodIntroduced at the end of recession, subsequent upswingIntroduced in midst of major recession, criticized as Compounding problems Revenue GrowthRevenue exceeded expectationsRevenue exceeded ExpectationsRevenue exceeded Expectations Current AccountSlight improvement ince introductionRapid immediate improvement, longer term stabilizationDramatic Improvement since introduction of GST, NAFTA GST vs. VAT†¢ Limitations in Centre VAT system: There is CENVAT but several taxes are still out of the ambit like surcharges, additional customs duties etc. In some goods we get input tax and not in others, making the tax filing system complex and cumbersome. †¢Limitations in State VAT system: The States also have VAT but again story is the same. Many taxes like luxury taxes, entertain ment tax etc, are not included. There is no input tax credit in case of CENVAT paid on certain items. Interstate Sales Tax (CST): Though it is an important source of revenue for states it is seen as very burdensome by businesses. The companies make goods in one state but on distribution inside the country, end up paying taxes in each state. They are supplying goods within the country and should just be taxed at one place.†¢ Inclusion of Services in VAT system: Production of goods is because of both physical production and services. But Services are taxed only by Centre and that too is done selectively. The Services need to be taxed at State level and integrated with the Goods VAT system as shown in the example above. International Standard: GST is becoming an international standard and it is important India also has one. There are many factors before international companies while choosing a country for its business and taxation system is one very important factor. With other co untries having GST and India not having one, the companies are likely to opt for former ahead of India for locating their businesses. Likewise Indian companies may also prefer to increasingly set their bases in other countries where tax system is more efficient. GST vs. Sales Tax †¢Single versus multiple stageUnlike the existing sales tax, GST is generally charged on the consumption of goods and services at every stage of the supply chain, with the tax burden ultimately borne by the end consumer. This multiple tax levels feature of GST is the fundamental change from the present single-stage sales tax levied at only one stage of the supply chain. †¢Goods and services subject to tax GST operates on a negative concept – all goods and services are subject to GST unless specifically exempted. For sales tax, the same concept applies where all goods are taxable unless specifically exempted.It is anticipated that the number of exemptions under the present sales tax regime w ould be significantly reduced. †¢Tax payment and accounting periods Time of supply is an important feature under the GST regime (method or system of government) as it determines when one should account for GST in the GST returns. The approach used by many countries when adopting GST is that a supply is considered to have taken place at the earliest by three events that the time is invoice issue, the time any payment is received by the supplier and the time a taxable supply is made.The GST rules differ from the existing sales tax structure where sales tax becomes due and payable when there is a sale or disposal otherwise than by sale. †¢Group registration Group registration is included as a facility that allows companies to file consolidated GST returns. The objective is to reduce their GST administration costs where supplies made within a group would be disregarded for GST purposes. The facility could potentially result in better cash flow management for the group if goods and services are regularly supplied between group companies.The existing sales tax and service tax structures do not allow consolidated tax filings. Limitation of GST There are two main limitations of GST †¢Inflation: Most of the international case studies show an inflation spurt in initial months of GST implementation. In Australia’s case we saw spurt in prices of goods which Australian consumers Thought would become expensive after the GST. Much of blame for inflation is accorded to the various regulatory bodies and uncertainty over the new tax regime.The inflation situation stabilizes as implementation gains pace and is understood by consumers and producers. In India’s case inflation could be critical as unlike developed countries profiled above, India has far more inefficiencies in supply chain in local markets. The Indian GST reform is far larger in scale compared to above economies. Indian economy is already plagued with persistent high inflation and this n ew reform could further test inflation further. †¢Tax Revenue Shortfall: RBI in the State Finances Report (2010-11) said the revenue implications of GST are likely to vary across states.The Centre and the States are still discussing various aspects of GST like taxation rates, revenue sharing model between Centre and States etc. As there is still uncertainty over the final blueprint of GST, it is difficult to estimate the impact of GST on state finances. Other issues are enhancing the administrative capacity of states and building IT (Information technology) infrastructure to capture the full benefits of GST. The report points that VAT led to improvement in tax revenue for most states.